Evaluation of Anthelmintic activity of Siddha formulation Nelli Kudineer (Phyllanthus emblica)

Dr.Sumayya.M* ,Dr.Ajanthan.R¹,Dr.Manoharan.A²

¹ PG Scholar, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai, Tamilnadu, India

² Professor, Head of the Department, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai,Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding Author

Dr.Sumayya.M, PG Scholar, Department of PothuMaruthuvam, GSMC, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu:

ABSTRACT

PhyllanthusEmblica(Amla) are widely used in the Indian system of medicine and believed to increase defense against diseases. This drug is available to manage diabetics, liver diseases, heart disease, cancer,ulcer,haemorrhoids, anemia and various other diseases.( YaduNandanDey and Ajoy Kumar Ghosh,. 2010).Siddha formulation of Nelli Kudineer (PhyllanthusEmblica)was investigated for its antihelmintic activity against Pheretimaposthuma and Tubifextubifex. The extract with the concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were tested in the bioassay, which involved determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worms. The extract exhibited significant antihelmintic activity at highest concentration of 100 mg/ml. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was included as standard reference and distilled water as control. The extracts were found not only to paralyze (Vermifuge) but also to kill the earthworms (Vermicidal).

Keywords: Antihelmintic activity, Nelli Kudineer, Pheretimaposthuma, Tubifextubifex

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants are nature's gift to human beings to promote a disease free healthy life. Many medicinal plants are present in a group of herbal preparations of the Indian traditional health care system (siddha) named Tripala proposed for their interesting antioxidant activities. Phyllanthus emblica Linn. (syn. Emblicaofficinalis), commonly known as Indian gooseberry or amla, family Euphorbiaceae, is an important herbal drug used in unani (Graceo - arab) and ayurvedic systems of medicine. The plant is used both as a medicine and as a tonic to build up lost vitality and vigor. Phyllanthus emblica is highly nutritious and could be an important dietary source of vitamin C, amino acids, and minerals. The plant also contains phenolic compounds, tannins, phyllembelic acid, phyllembelin, rutin, curcum-inoids, and emblicol. All parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes, especially the fruit. which has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of jaundice, and inflammation(Murugesamudaliar.,2016) Various plant parts show antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiulcerogenic, hepatoprotective, gastro protective, and chemopreventive properties( James, et al,.2006).

Helminthes infections are among the most common infections in men, affecting a large proportion of the world’s population. In developing countries, they pose a large threat to public health and contribute to the prevalence of malnutrition, anemia, eosinophila and pneumonia. Although the majority of infections due to worms are generally limited to tropical regions, they can occur to those who visited these areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates (Anonymous,.1997). Hence, the increasing prevalence of helminthes parasites those are resistant to conventional anthelmintics has been the spur for different research programs exploiting alternative approaches to parasite control [C.K. Kokata,.1991]

People living in poverty in developing countries often suffer from helminthes infections, which more often physically impair their hosts than kill them. Although the majority of infections due to worms are generally limited to tropical regions, they can occur to travellers who have visited those areas and some of them can develop in temperate climates (Ambujakshi HR, et al,.2009)

Helminthiasis is among the most important animal diseases inflicting heavy productionlosses. The disease is highly prevalent particularly in third world countries due to poor management Helminthiasis practices (DharDN,et al,.1982). A number of medicinal plants have been used totreat parasitic infections in man and animals.(Nadkarni, A.K, et al 1954., Chopra RN, et al ,.1956. Said M, et al,. 1969.). The plants are known to provided anthelmintics.( Akhtar, MS, et al., 2000., Lewis WH, et al,. 1977.).The anthelmintic assay was carried as per the method of Ajaiyeoba et al. with minor modifications. The assay was performed on adult Indian earthworm, Pheretimaposthuma and Tubifextubifexdue to its anatomical andphysiological resemblance with the intestinal roundworm parasite of human beings.(VidyarthiRD,et al.,1967. Thorn GW, et al., 1977,ChatterjeeKD,et al.,1967 ). Because of easy availability, earthworms have been used widely for the initial evaluation of anthelmintic compounds in vitro (SzewezukVD ,et al.,2003., . Dash GK ,et al,.2002). The objective of the present research has to prove traditional anthelmintic use of the siddha formulation Nelli Kudineer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and Authentication of Plant

The parts of Nelli will be freshly collected from in and around the areas of Palayamkottai

and Thirunrlveli, Tamilnadu. The plant will be identified and authenticated by the

Medicinal Botanist and Gunapadam experts at Government Siddha Medical College and

Hospital, Palayamkottai.

Purification

All the ingredients of this herbal formulation will purify according to the suitable

procedure methods described in Siddha classical literature. The adulterants from the raw

drugs will be removed, cleaned and dried in shade. The purified raw drugs will be

Coarsely powdered and taken as a Kudineer Chooranam.

Method of preparation

25gms of the Kudineer Chooranam will be boiled with 500ml of water till reduced to

100ml of Kudineer.

Worms:

Indian earthworm Pheretimaposthuma (Annelida) were collected from the water

logged areas of soil in Madurai. Tubifextubifex(Annelida) were collected from

Aquarium of the local market. The average size of Pheretimaposthumaand Tubifex

tubifex were 6-8 cm and 1-1.5 cm respectively.They were washed with water to remove dirt.

Chemicals:

-Piperazine Citrate (Glaxo)

-Double distilled water

Procedure:

The anthelmintic assay was carried as per the method of Ajayieoba E. O. et al. with minor

Modifications. The experiments were done on adult Indian earthworm Pheretima posthuma

and the aquarium worm,Tubifextubifex,because they belong to same group ofAnnelida (Mueller, 1774). 20 ml formulations containing three different concentrations,Nelli Kudineer (25, 50 and 100 mg/ml in double distilled water) were prepared and

taken in different petridishes and six earthworms (same type) were placed in the

solutions respectively. Similarly lump of Tubifexworms were placed in the test

solutions. All the test solution and standard drug solution were prepared freshly before

starting the experiments. Time for paralysis was noted when no movement of any sort

could be observed except the worms were shaken vigorously. Time for death of worms

were recorded after ascertaining that the worms neither moved when shaken vigorously nor when dipped in warm water at 50°C. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard while distilled water as the control.( Mali RG,. Et al,.2005). Three sets of experiments were done statistical significance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

RESULTS:

TABLE NO .1. Anthelmintic activity of Nelli Kudineer (Mean±SD)

DISCUSSION

From the above study it was seen that the Nelli kudineer(NK) extract showed dose dependent antihelmintic activity as compared to a standard drug piperazine citrate (Table 1). The meanparalyzing time of Pheretima posthuma with the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were found to be 64.85, 37.15 and 20.48 minutes respectively.In the meantime piperazine citrate a dose of 10 mg/ml cause paralysis in the above helminth in 24.32 minutes. The mean death time of Pheretimaposthuma with the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were found to be 83.75,62.30 and 43.20 minutes respectively. In the meantime piperazine citrate at a dose of 10mg/ml cause paralysis in the above helminth in 64.25minutes .The mean paralyzing time of Tubifextubifexwith the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were found to be 63.25, 32.33 and 16.05 minutes respectively. In the meantime piperazine citrate at a dose of 10 mg/ml cause paralysis in the above helminth in 22.65 minutes. The mean death time of Tubifextubifex with the dose of 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were found to be 77.40,36.42 and 22.65 minutes respectively. In the meantime piperazine citrate at a dose of 10 mg/ml cause death in the above helminth in 43.30 minutes.

CONCLUSION

Phyllanthus Emblica is a multipurpose plant with several preventive and therapeutic potentials.

In this investigation the Nelli Kudineer were used to evaluate anthelmintic activity by using the above models.

The increase concentrations of Nelli kudineer showed paralysis and death of the organism . Phytochemical analysis of the Phyllanthus Emblica extracts showed the presence of tannins and saponins as one of the chemical constituents. Tannins and saponins were shown to possess anthelminthic activity[Niezen JH,et al,.1995. Pal DK,.et al 2007]. Tannins are found to bind to free proteins in the gastrointestinal tract of the host animal or glycoprotein on the cuticle of the parasite and cause death [Mali RG,et al,.2008].

In conclusion, only the anthelmintic activity was evaluated for the samoolam of Nelli kudineer.The present study clearly proves Nelli kudineer has an Anthelmintic property .Current study gives the evidence that it may be a fruitful medicine of tomorrow.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Sincere acknowledge to my Guide and Supervisor of PG Department of Pothumaruthuvam, Govt. Siddha medical College, Tirunelveli. I thank you to all who were support to complete this research work successfully.

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